La hora de la micro-política
Robert de Herte
(seudónimo de ALAIN DE BENOIST)
En la era de la modernidad, la política ha sido pensada de manera esencialmente institucional o contestataria de la institución. El poder central era el objetivo de las prácticas y las luchas políticas. Cuando los descontentos eran demasiado numerosos, asistíamos a movimientos de cólera, e incluso insurrecciones. Hoy se asiste a su implosión. Hoy no nos movilizamos, nos desentendemos. No solamente sucede que los poderes oficiales son cada vez más impotentes, sino que la abstención no deja de progresar. Por muy "cercanos al pueblo" que pretendan estar, los políticos se esfuerzan en vano por asegurar de forma patética su apuesta por la "transparencia", sus programas ya no interesan a nadie.
Aquellos que no comprenden que el mundo ha cambiado se sienten desolados. Ven desaparecer algo que era considerado ya como familiar a sus vidas y constatan una sensación de ruptura. Confunden el fin de un mundo, el suyo, con el fin del mundo. Olvidan que la historia está abierta, y que aquello que es superado anuncia nuevas recomposiciones. Como la ola, dice Michel Maffesoli, que avanza mientras parece recular.
No hay que confundirse de cara a este movimiento de "reacción", al interpretarlo como una "deserción" de tipo clásico. Se trata en verdad de una nueva "secesio plebis". Como a imagen de un individuo, cuando su cuerpo ya no sigue a su voluntad. Pero aquí, hablamos del cuerpo social. Dentro de este movimiento de sedición instintiva, el cuerpo social se desvincula de la consciencia de la institución, del poder estatal. No se reconoce más en lo instituido, en la clase política. No es que se haya vuelto indiferente a todo. Solo es que ha comprendido que la verdadera vida esta fuera de ahí.
Esta dinámica es desconcertante puesto que, contrariamente a lo que estamos acostumbrados a ver, no tiene un fin pre-establecido. No está guiado por vastas teorías, no se fija grandes objetivos a conseguir. Las grandes nociones abstractas (patria, clase, progreso, etc) a la luz de los que habíamos querido cambiar el mundo para hacerlo mejor, tuvo por efecto convertirlo en peor, de forma que hoy se nos aparecen como vacíos de sentido. La Historia (con mayúscula) se ha retirado del escenario en beneficio de las historias particulares, al igual que las grandes epopeyas en beneficio de las narraciones locales. Después de quince siglos de doctrinas que pretendieron decir como el mundo debía de ser, volvemos a la idea de que el mundo debe ser entendido tal y como es. No hay que temer este movimiento, de este funcionamiento a la vez opaco y prometedor.
La mundialización, que constituye actualmente el marco de nuestra historia, no es menos paradójica. Por un lado, es unidimensional, por lo que parece provocar por todos los lados la extinción de la diversidad bajo todas sus formas. Por otro, supone una fragmentación inédita. De esta manera, restituye la posibilidad de un modo de vida "auto-político", fundado sobre la auto-organización a todos los niveles, y además la posibilidad de un tipo de práctica democrática que se había vuelto impracticable dentro de los grandes conjuntos nacional-unitarios.
La acción local permite ciertamente vislumbrar un retorno a la democracia directa, de tipo orgánico y comunitario. Una democracia de este tipo, tiene en cuenta tanto el momento de la deliberación como el de la decisión, e implica sobre todo una importante participación. Se basa también en las nociones de subsidiariedad y reciprocidad. Subsidiariedad: que las comunidades puedan en lo posible decidir por sí mismas aquello que les concierne, y que no deleguen a un nivel superior más que la parte de poder que ellas mismas no puedan ejercer. Reciprocidad: que el poder de decidir otorgado a algunos esté acompañado del poder dado a todos de controlar a aquellos que deciden. Esta forma de gestión responde a la definición de poder dado por Hannah Arendt, no como un contrato, sino como un poder de hacer y de actuar juntos. Vuelve a pensar la política a partir de la noción de autosuficiencia, buscando crear las condiciones para esta autosuficiencia a todos los niveles: familias ampliadas o recompuestas, comunidades vecinales, de ciudades y de regiones, comités locales, sistemas inter-comunales, ecoregiones y mercados locales.
La Revolución de 1789, al consagrar los derechos del individuo independiente de toda pertenencia comunitaria, ha pretendido poner fin a un sistema de asociacionismo, al que reprochaba hacer de "cortina de humo" entre el individuo y el Estado soberano. Rousseau no era ni mucho menos hostil al régimen asociativo, del que Tocqueville hizo tras él uno de los útiles de la libertad. En el siglo XIX, el modelo de representación no ha dejado competir en lugar del de asociación. "La idea proudhoniana de federalismo, recuerda Joël Roman, fue explícitamente propuesto en oposición a la representación política, y el naciente movimiento obrerista se encontrará ligado en primer término a la noción de asociación". Este modelo ha inspirado mas tarde experiencias muy diversas (concejistas, comunitarias y cooperativas). Estamos viendo como renace en nuestros días, con un nuevo rostro.
La noción de comunidad está directamente ligada al de la democracia local. Al mismo tiempo que una realidad humana inmediata, la comunidad es un instrumento de creación del imaginario social. Es a partir de ésta que es posible hoy recrear lo colectivo. La dimensión colectiva asocia a aquellos tienen una causa por alzar en común: pertenecen a mi comunidad aquellos que, en la vida diaria, se enfrenta a los mismos problemas que yo. Poner el acento sobre las comunidades significa rehabilitar las "matrias" carnales, concretas, frente a la patria abstracta, inmensa, anónima y lejana. Este re-enraizamiento dinámico, abierto, no significa una regresión, un cerramiento o una sustitución. Privilegia las nociones de reciprocidad, de ayuda mutua, de solidaridad con lo próximo, de intercambios de servicios y de economías paralelas, de valores compartidos. La resistencia a la homogeneización planetaria no podrá operarse más que a nivel local.
Pensar globalmente, actuar localmente: ésta es la clave de la micro-política. Se trata de terminar con la autoridad y la expertocracia que nos vienen dados desde arriba, dictando desde lo alto de la pirámide las reglas generales, así como con una sociedad donde la riqueza aumenta al mismo ritmo que se desagrega el vínculo social. Contra la mentalidad de asistencia y el Estado-Providencia, se trata de trabajar por la reconstrucción de los vínculos de reciprocidad, la resocialización del trabajo autónomo, la aparición de nuevos "nichos" sociales y la multiplicación de "nudos" en el seno de las "redes" asociativas. Se trata de hacer reaparecer al "hombre habitante" por oposición al hombre que no es más que productor y consumidor. Se trata de colocar lo local en el centro, y lo global en la periferia. Retorno al lugar, al paisaje, al ecosistema, al equilibrio. ¡ La verdadera vida está por fuera del sistema !
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